[717] According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. He was good at backroom political maneuvering. [414] In September 1934, he launched a commission to investigate false imprisonments; that same month he called for the execution of workers at the Stalin Metallurgical Factory accused of spying for Japan. [352] Aware that the ethnic Russian majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian,[353] he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made the Russian language compulsory throughout schools and offices, albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities. [181] Stalin became part of an informal foursome leading the government, alongside Lenin, Trotsky, and Sverdlov;[182] of these, Sverdlov was regularly absent and died in March 1919. However, the party was not fully under his control. [907] Wheatcroft and historian R. W. Davies estimate famine deaths at 5.56.5million[908] while scholar Steven Rosefielde gives a number of 8.7million. [325] Stalin barred kulaks from joining these collectives. [506] That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front, to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. [457] Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany. Well, no. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag", "Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports", "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography", "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 193045", "Controversy in Moscow: Stalin icon revered", "The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion", "Georgia Divided Over Stalin 'Local Hero' Status in Gori", "Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times", "Stalin as a Neo-Pagan Deity in Contemporary Russia", "Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past", "Josef Stalin: communist, murderer - saint? [780] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. [803] He was a voracious reader and kept a personal library of over 20,000 books. [284] While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. [149] In or about December 1914, their child was born but the infant soon died. As a result Stalin was left as the ruler of the Ussr. [741], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. By January 1953, three per cent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8million in "special settlements" in isolated areas and another 2.5million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons. [798] Stalin's favourite subject was history, closely followed by Marxist theory and then fiction. [89] Lenin and Stalin disagreed with this decision[90] and later privately discussed how they could continue the robberies for the Bolshevik cause. [545] Stalin refused to punish the offenders. Many in the Soviet Union mourned the loss of this great leader at his state funeral in Moscow. ("Koba" is the Georgian diminutive of Yakobi, or Jacob, and Stalin later named his first-born son in Egnatashvili's honour. Stalin is also considered one of the most dangerous totalitarian leaders in history, his violent excesses often compared to those of Adolf Hitler. [187] He co-signed Lenin's decrees shutting down hostile newspapers,[188] and along with Sverdlov, he chaired the sessions of the committee drafting a constitution for the new Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. [397] A number of authorised Stalin biographies were also published,[398] although Stalin generally wanted to be portrayed as the embodiment of the Communist Party rather than have his life story explored. "[886] McDermott stated that Stalin had "concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands. [920] In October 2017, Putin opened the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow, noting that the "terrible past" would neither be "justified by anything" nor "erased from the national memory. 03:14. I saw Hitler many, many times, and Goering and Goebbels. [154], While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, and in October 1916 Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army, leaving for Monastyrskoe. [554] Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itselflocated within the Soviet areaalso subdivided thusly. [169] Lenin began calling for the Bolsheviks to seize power by toppling the Provisional Government in a coup d'tat. [150] Their second child, Alexander, was born circa April 1917. [562] He was quoted in Pravda on a daily basis and pictures of him remained pervasive on the walls of workplaces and homes. [139] According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work". [667], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. In 1956, after Stalin's death, came a watershed moment: Communist leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced the Stalin personality cult and dictatorship, in a secret speech to the 20th Party Congress. [379] At the same time, penal sanctions became more severe; at Stalin's instigation, in August 1932 a decree was introduced wherein the theft of even a handful of grain could be a capital offence. Reason 3: He was Stalin Reason 4: He killed between six million and 20 million people. [507] While Red Army generals saw evidence that Hitler would shift efforts south, Stalin considered this to be a flanking move in a renewed effort to take Moscow. [619] Privately, Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war, instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT. [722] He also favoured classical forms in the visual arts, disliking avant-garde styles like cubism and futurism. [376], Within the Soviet Union, there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government. [444] Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. . Either we do this or we'll be crushed. Published April 3, 2022 Updated April 5, 2022 Joseph Stalin died on March 5, 1953, after apparently suffering a stroke but some suspect that he was actually poisoned. [336] In November 1929 Stalin removed him from the Politburo. [923], Amid the social and economic turmoil of the post-Soviet period, many Russians viewed Stalin as having overseen an era of order, predictability, and pride. 6 December] 1878 [1] - 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. [660] His body was embalmed,[661] and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. [599], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. [434] In May, this was followed by the arrest of most members of the military Supreme Command and mass arrests throughout the military, often on fabricated charges. It comprised the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Ukrainian Social Republic, the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Republic. [799] He enjoyed listening to classical music,[800] owning around 2,700 records,[801] and frequently attending the Bolshoi Theatre during the 1930s and 1940s. [795] Like all Bolshevik leaders, Stalin believed that reading could help transform not just people's ideas and consciousness, but human nature itself. [597] In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states. [307] Here, he argued for the concept of "Socialism in One Country", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. leader Sanjay Raut to join Rahul Gandhi's 'padyatra' in J&K . [607] Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. [454], As Britain and France seemed unwilling to commit to an alliance with the Soviet Union, Stalin saw a better deal with the Germans. [400], Seeking improved international relations, in 1934 the Soviet Union secured membership of the League of Nations, from which it had previously been excluded. Stalin promotes an image of himself as a great benevolent leader and hero of the Soviet Union. [868] According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from "the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory. On December 1, 1934, less than a year after he was mentioned as a possible replacement for Stalin, Sergei Kirov was assassinated. [405] At the Communist International's 7th Congress, held in JulyAugust 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a popular front against fascism. By highlighting the ways in which Stalin manufactured charisma, this article will show how the 'cult of personality' can be viewed as a legitimation technique using manufactured charisma as a tool. Georgy Malenkov was nominally the next leader after . [290], In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. [739] He was born with a webbed left foot, and his left arm had been permanently injured in childhood which left it shorter than his right and lacking in flexibility,[740] which was probably the result of being hit, at the age of 12, by a horse-drawn carriage. [591] In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. [261] Stalin believed this would encourage independence sentiment among non-Russians, instead arguing that ethnic minorities would be content as "autonomous republics" within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. [57] Stalin organised another mass demonstration on the day of their funeral,[58] before being arrested in April 1902. [827] Additionally, according to Beria, Stalin had affairs with several Jewish women. A+. [557] Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as "dictatorships of the proletariat" but as "people's democracies", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class. [221] Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone, Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. [415] After the murder, Stalin became increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination, improved his personal security, and rarely went out in public. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. [795] Other historians linked his brutality not to any personality trait, but to his unwavering commitment to the survival of the Soviet Union and the international MarxistLeninist cause. The third and final part shows how, through an overt co-option of Lenin's legacy, Stalin 'manufactured' a charismatic bond with the Soviet people. No one died on that day. [942], "Stalin" redirects here. [709] Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of "Socialism in One Country". [219], The Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war by the end of 1919. The Stalin memorial in Moscow's Red Square is a shrine for some Russians. [321] By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. [889] Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an "unimpeded despot", noting that "powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. [437] Such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin's central government. [910], Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of de-Stalinization. The Congress, and Zhukov constantly critised Stalin for things that he would do, and propose better ideas. [795] Stalin also enjoyed watching films late at night at cinemas installed in the Kremlin and his dachas. [115] He escaped to Saint Petersburg,[116] where he was arrested in September 1911 and sentenced to a further three-year exile in Vologda. [172] In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik coup the October Revolution was directed. [647] In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. Stalin was a broad fellow, with a very heavily pock-marked face". [849] In later life, he disapproved of Svetlana's various suitors and husbands, putting a strain on his relationship with her. [542] Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. Severe disruptions to food production contributed to the famine of 193033 that killed millions. [499] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. [566] In the Baltic states, where there was much opposition to Soviet rule, de-kulakisation and de-clericalisation programs were initiated, resulting in 142,000 deportations between 1945 and 1949. [678] Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment;[678] Stalin would often turn to ideology post hoc to justify his decisions. [173] Bolshevik militia seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. [586] Much of this was constructed by prison labour. "[590] He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. [194] In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. [270] To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the "Foundations of Leninism", later published in book form. [185] Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky,[186] Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. [122] The new newspaper was launched in April 1912,[123] although Stalin's role as editor was kept secret. [528] Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a Western Front to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. A tradition of Bolshevik leadership is the constant link of the leaders with the masses, the readiness to learn from the masses, to correct those defects which the working peoples point out to them. Despite all that it is fair to say that Lenin was a successful leader without whom November revolution . [574] Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but re-instituted in 1950. [450] He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. [24] Stalin faced several severe health problems: An 1884 smallpox infection left him with facial scars;[25] and at age 12 he was seriously injured when he was hit by a phaeton, probably the cause of a lifelong disability in his left arm. Stalin's enemies. [659], Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. Explanation: No, Stalin was not a fair leader. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin [g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; [d] 18 December [ O.S. )[38] He also read Das Kapital, the 1867 book by German sociological theorist Karl Marx. Theories proposed Stalin's involvement with Vladimir's death, in which Stalin later admitted to via letter. These reasons build to why Stalin emerged as leader of the USSR by 1929. [205] Eager to prove himself as a commander,[206] once there he took control of regional military operations. Firstly, the divisions within the party, made his task of eliminating people less complicated, he only had individuals, not groups of people against him. [364] Religion retained an influence over much of the population; in the 1937 census, 57% of respondents were willing to admit to being religious. [459] A week later, Germany invaded Poland, sparking the UK and France to declare war on Germany. [231], In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. Germany ended the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941. He used no principles, no mercy, and no ethics. During these years, the country experienced another major famine and an antisemitic campaign that culminated in the doctors' plot. "[869] For most Westerners and anti-communist Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a mass murderer;[869] for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder. [509] This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. "[546], With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. [316] At his command, grain procurement squads surfaced across Western Siberia and the Urals, with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry. [412], Stalin often gave conflicting signals regarding state repression. [719] Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a "natural extremist";[794] Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. [767] He was a hard worker,[768] and displayed a keen desire to learn;[769] when in power, he scrutinised many details of Soviet life, from film scripts to architectural plans and military hardware. [136] The article was published under the pseudonym "K. Stalin",[139] a name he had used since 1912. But whether that's the case will likely forever remain a matter of speculation, Brent and Naumov concluded in Stalin's Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948-1953 . [236] Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. [413] This mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered. See answer (1) Best Answer. [351] Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the (never completed) Palace of the Soviets. [770] According to Volkogonov, "Stalin's private life and working life were one and the same"; he did not take days off from political activities. [471], The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. "[887] Service stated that Stalin "had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history" by the late 1930s. 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