"The Origins of Soul Food in Black Urban Identity: Chicago, 19151947,". FOIA Buffalo is one of a narrow band of northern U.S. cities that may be best positioned to withstand climate change, said Jesse M. Keenan, a professor at Harvard University's Graduate School of. When multiple destinations were equidistant, chain migration played a larger role, with migrants following the path set by those before them. [32]:12, The Great Depression of the 1930s resulted in reduced migration because of decreased opportunities. Per a 2021 study, "when one randomly chosen African American moved from a Southern birth town to a destination county, then 1.9 additional Black migrants made the same move on average. In 1910, the African-American population of Detroit was 6,000. 19.5% : American Indian and Alaska Native. [20] Northern companies offered special incentives to encourage Black workers to relocate, including free transportation and low-cost housing. migration: wildebeests and zebras. Bookshelf They arrived in greater numbers with the Great Migration from the American South. Berthold P, Querner U. Great Migration From Alabama. The Great Migration resulted in the Harlem Renaissance, which was also fueled by immigrants from the Caribbean, and the Chicago Black Renaissance. They succeeded in building effective community responses that enabled the survival of new communities. Although Black people were treated with extreme hostility and subjected to legal discrimination, the southern economy was deeply dependent on them as an abundant supply of cheap labor, and Black workers were seen as the most critical factor in the economic development of the South. Safaris, discussions & donations that make a real difference in Africa. Epub 2018 Mar 25. 9. In the first phase, eight major cities attracted two-thirds of the migrants: New York and Chicago, followed in order by Philadelphia, St. Louis, Denver, Detroit, Kansas City, Pittsburgh, and Indianapolis. By the time the rioting and violence had subsided in Chicago, 38 people had lost their lives, with 500 more injured. Results The space use of the individual collared buffaloes as an approximation of the 95% home range size estimated using Brownian bridge models, ranged from 73 to 601 km 2. Immense and powerful, the buffalo should not be under-estimated. ", "Returning South: A family revisits a double lynching that forced them to flee to Chicago 100 years ago", "Lynchings: By State and Race, 18821968", "The Great Migration: The African American Exodus from The South", "Migrations The African-American Mosaic Exhibition Exhibitions (Library of Congress)", "Migration Networks and Location Decisions: Evidence from US Mass Migration", "Review: The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration", "Jacob Lawrence Is Dead at 82; Vivid Painter Who Chronicled Odyssey of Black Americans". B uffalo, New York has long been a friendly destination for immigrants and refugees. Gibson, Campbell and Kay Jung (September 2002). Intimidation and beatings were also used to terrorize Black people into staying. Understanding the factors driving migratory decisions of wildlife will lead to better-informed conservation and land-use decisions in this area. Migrants going to Pittsburgh and surrounding mill towns in western Pennsylvania between 1890 and 1930 faced racial discrimination and limited economic opportunities. Males fighting over females sometimes clash with earth-shaking power and over-confident or unlucky lions have been killed by the horns and crushing power of a buffalo. Genetic evidence also suggests female dispersal is common, as Simonsen et al. 2001;7:3947. Despite their stubborn courage, buffalo are at risk from poaching and the ever-increasing human and livestock encroachment that threatens all of our continents wildlife. GESTATION: 11 TO 12 MONTHS. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! They are also almost constantly vocal, particularly around water, and produce lowing sounds similar to cattle, as well as grunts and growls during their regular skirmishes. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. They are never farther than nine miles . The enlistment of workers into the military had also affected the labor supply. In 2000, African countries had on average 2.3 % of their citizens officially living abroad, down from 2.8 % in 1960. Browse 9,974 african buffalo stock photos and images available, or search for african buffalo herd or african buffalo sunset to find more great stock photos and pictures. Our dataset is derived from 32 satellite tracking collars, spans 4 years and contains over 35,000 locations. The driving force behind the mass movement was to escape racial violence, pursue economic and educational opportunities, and obtain freedom from the oppression of Jim Crow. Town , 7530, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Migration | Last Updated: 16 Aug 2022, Every year, about two million wildebeest and 20,000 plains game travel from, Because the Great WildebeestMigration has no beginning or endpoint and moves in a clockwise route, herdtracking is difficult to forecast. There is still argument today as to whether or not they should be considered to be a separate species, but hybrids between the forest buffalo and more familiar buffalo subspecies are common. A total of 12 African buffalo cows from four different herds were collared with satellite transmitters. The Great Migration, sometimes known as the Great Northward Migration or the Black Migration, was the movement of six million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West between 1910 and 1970. Their journey runs in a clockwise circle, covers some 1,800 miles/2,900 kilometers and is notoriously fraught with peril. African buffalo By Kylie Mohr Common Name: African buffalo Scientific Name: Syncerus caffer Type: Mammals Diet: Herbivore Group Name: Herd Average Life Span In The Wild: 11 to 22 years Average. This is surely one of the greatest wonders of the . Model-averaged (over the set of 4096 candidate regression models) standardized regression coefficients for variables explaining wet season migratory movements in African buffalo. By the 1920s, New York's Harlem became a center of Black cultural life, influenced by the American migrants as well as new immigrants from the Caribbean area.[47]. Buffaloes prefer grass to shrubs and are often referred to as nature's lawnmowers because of how they can quickly thin out dense grasses. By 1930, there were 1.3 million former southerners living in other regions. The African Buffalo Optimization is a newly designed metaheuristic optimization algorithm inspired by the migration of African buffalos from place to place across the vast African. Shoulder Height: 1 to 1.7 m (3.3 to 5.6ft) Weight: 500 to 1,000kg (1,100 to 2,200lb) (Cape buffalo); 250 to 450 kg (600 to 1,000lb) (Forest buffalo) Conservation Status: Least Concern. People tended to take the cheapest rail ticket possible and go to areas where they had relatives and friends. We're sorry. 10. in the October 12, 1980 edition of The Buffalo News. [23], Between 1910 and 1930, the African-American population increased by about forty percent in Northern states as a result of the migration, mostly in the major cities. Louisiana (until about 1890[9]), South Carolina (until the 1920s[10]), and Mississippi (until the 1930s[11]). Many of these encounters have been captured on camera and are considered by many to be examples of true altruistic behaviour; unusual in the wild. [33][34], Big cities were the principal destinations of southerners throughout the two phases of the Great Migration. African American Heritage Where To Explore African American Heritage in Buffalo From the Michigan Street Baptist Church, a stop along the Underground Railroad, to legendary jazz history at the Colored Musicians Club and Museum, a National Historic Site, Buffalo's African-American heritage runs deep. [31], As a result, approximately 1.4 million Black southerners moved north or west in the 1940s, followed by 1.1 million in the 1950s, and another 2.4 million people in the 1960s and early 1970s. The defense industry in Louisville reached a peak of roughly over 80,000 employment. Established 1991, BEST SAFARI PRICES [17], The primary factors for migration among southern African Americans were segregation, indentured servitude, convict leasing, an increase in the spread of racist ideology, widespread lynching (nearly 3,500 African Americans were lynched between 1882 and 1968[19]), and lack of social and economic opportunities in the South. [59], This migration gave birth to a cultural boom in cities such as Chicago and New York. Both sexes have horns, those of the bulls are characterised by a heavy boss and upward curved horns. The primary push factors are conflict, repressive governance, and limited economic opportunities. A female will have her first calf at about five years of age, and these calves are born during the rainy season. African Buffalo Facts. But by 1970, this was true of only 53% of the African American population. [1] It was caused primarily by the poor economic conditions for African American people, as well as the prevalent racial segregation and discrimination in the Southern states where Jim Crow laws were upheld. In Chicago for instance, the neighborhood of Bronzeville became known as the "Black Metropolis". 2. The American bison is more closely related to cows and goats. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the ceo@africageographic.com, Travel & conservation company, since 1991,
, Safari Season visit Africa in Jun, Jul, Aug, Giraffe social structure as complex as elephants, Alex Brackx 2022 Photographer of the Year. Examples of seasonal movement types displayed by adult buffalo in the Caprivi region. In 1910, 89% of African Americans lived in the South. HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: We're the Africa Geographic editorial team a diverse set of writers, editors, designers and social media natives, all united by our passion for this addictive continent. As they lived and worked more closely with European Americans, the divide became increasingly indefinite. They tend to form smaller herds, with one or two bulls and a harem of females and offspring. [65], During the wave of migration that took place in the 1940s, white southerners were less concerned, as mechanization of agriculture in the late 1930s had resulted in another labor surplus so southern planters put up less resistance.[63]. Can J Zool-Rev Can Zool. [25], In 1917, the East St Louis Illinois Riot, known for one of the bloodiest workplace riots, had between 40 and 200 killed and over 6000 African Americans displaced from their homes. [32]:18. Discover Africa Safaris, on the other hand, invented a great application called Herdtrackerto assist customers to track the progress of the wildebeest migration and plan a once-in-a-lifetime safari. Borowik T, Ratkiewicz M, Malanko W, Duda N, Kowalczyk R. PLoS One. [25], In the late summer and autumn of 1919, racial tensions became violent and came to be known as the Red Summer. Despite their passing similarity to oxen, buffalo are only very distantly related to domestic cattle and, unlike their relatives the Asian water buffalo, all attempts to domesticate buffalo were largely abandoned as they proved too temperamental. African-Americans came to Buffalo in small numbers initially, whether as enslaved or free persons. 2007;57:113121. Raboloko OO, Ramabu SS, Guerrini L, Jori F. Front Vet Sci. [35][36], Migration patterns reflected network ties. Seasonal movements and habitat use of African buffalo in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. The savannah buffalos are akin to cows, and they generally weigh anywhere from 1,100-1,980 lbs. Ball JP, Nordengren C, Wallin K. Partial migration by large ungulates: characteristics of seasonal moose Alces alces ranges in northern Sweden. But by the end of the Great Migration, just over half of the African-American population lived in the South, while a little less than half lived in the North and West. Science. The listings below will help you find businesses, restaurants, sites and other attractions . 2007;135:502510. The Great Migration is a backdrop of the 2013 film The Butler, as the Forest Whitaker character Cecil Gaines moves from a plantation in Georgia to become a butler at the White House. This period of time was defined by violence and prolonged rioting between Black and White Americans in major United States cities. Chambers One, 27 Willie van The people native to Chicago had pride in the high level of integration in Chicago restaurants, which they attributed to their unassailable manners and refined tastes. Buffalo is severely aggressive if injured and therefore the truth that they're one of many African Big 5, as one of the interesting African Buffalo Facts. Almost half of those who migrated from Mississippi during the first Great Migration, for example, ended up in Chicago, while those from Virginia tended to move to Philadelphia. Accessibility While the Wildebeest migration Africa takes place in a clockwise loop between, July to September Wildebeest River Crossings, View Migration Map and Monthly Prediction, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. 5. Because changes were concentrated in cities, which had also attracted millions of new or recent European immigrants, tensions rose as the people competed for jobs and scarce housing. All travel bookings booked via Trust my Travel are financially protected by them. Ecologist believe that buffalo herds decide on where to move through voting behaviour while the herd is resting, individual adult females will stand and stare in a specific direction, and the subsequent movement of the herd can be predicted when the majority gaze in a particular direction. ", This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 18:18. The seasons dictate this deadly Great Wildebeest Migration voyage, and when the rains come, the wildebeest follow. Buy Sudoiseau Wall Art Painting African Buffalo Migration Animals and Pictures Pictures Canvas Prints Poster Oil Paintings Landscape Paint Modern Home Decor Artwork Gift, 4 Panels: Posters & Prints - Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases [43], The growing Black presence outside the South changed the dynamics and demographics of numerous cities in the Northeast, Midwest, and West. Old males often spend their evenings hanging around in the comparative the safety of lodges, and visitors would do well to pay careful attention to the rules of the lodge and not attempt any nocturnal wanderings. Expert guide and facts on the best time of the year in 2023-2024 to track and see the annual Great Wildebeest Masai Mara Migration in south-west Kenya - East Africa. See how to DOWNLOAD OUR APP below. 2010 Sep;79(5):983-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01713.x. 2020 Mar 19;15(3):e0230521. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, The study area was the Caprivi Strip of Namibia, with GPS locations of. From the earliest U.S. population statistics in 1780 until 1910, more than 90% of the African American population lived in the American South,[6][7][8] making up the majority of the population in three Southern states, viz. In sheer numbers, it outranks the migration of any other ethnic groupItalians or Irish or Jews or Polesto the United States. [67], A map of the black percentage of the U.S. population by each state/territory in 1900.Black = 35.0+%Brown = 20.034.9%Red = 10.019.9%Orange = 5.09.9%Light orange = 1.04.9%Gray = 0.9% or lessMagenta = No data available, A map of the black percentage of the U.S. population by each state/territory in 1990.Black = 35.0+%Brown = 20.034.9%Red = 10.019.9%Orange = 5.09.9%Light orange = 1.04.9%Gray = 0.9% or lessPink = No data available, A map showing the change in the total Black population (in percent) between 1900 and 1990 by U.S. state.Light purple = Population declineVery light green = Population growth of 0.19.9%Light green = Population growth of 10.099.9%Green = Population growth of 100.0999.9%Dark green = Population growth of 1,000.09,999.9%Very dark green (or Black) = Population growth of 10,000.0% or moreGray = No data available, After the political and civil gains of the Civil Rights Movement, in the 1970s, migration began to increase again. The Masai Mara Game Reserve, which borders the Serengeti National Park to the north, is part of the Kenyan movement. This wave of migration often resulted in overcrowding of urban areas due to exclusionary housing policies meant to keep African American families out of developing suburbs. [53], Populations increased so rapidly among both African-American migrants and new European immigrants that there were housing shortages in most major cities. Ngorongoro Crater More than 1.5 million wildebeest migrate in an enormous loop every year. The .gov means its official. Tarangire When the measures failed to stem the tide, white southerners, in concert with federal officials who feared the rise of Black nationalism, co-operated in attempting to coerce Black people to stay in the South. Many people think the Great Migration happens only once a year, however it happens all year, with each season offering a unique wildlife experience. By the late 1970s, as deindustrialization and the Rust Belt crisis took hold, the Great Migration came to an end. In her book The Warmth of Other Suns, Pulitzer Prizewinning journalist Isabel Wilkerson discusses the migration of "six million Black Southerners [moving] out of the terror of Jim Crow to an uncertain existence in the North and Midwest. One South Carolina politician summed up the dilemma: "Politically speaking, there are far too many negroes, but from an industrial standpoint there is room for many more."[63]. Epub 2010 Jun 10. (November 13, 2020). African buffalos come in the larger savannah variety and in the smaller forest-dwelling counterpart. Cities that had been virtually all white at the start of the century became centers of Black culture and politics by mid-century. 1.9M views 2 years ago #8K #Wildlife Discover amazing African nature and wildlife in 8K quality and relax! Between 1910 and 1920, the number of Black workers employed in industry nearly doubled from 500,000 to 901,000. While there is some disagreement, there are currently four recognized subspecies: West African savanna buffalo (S. c. brachyceros), Central African savanna buffalo (S. c. auquinoctialis), Southern savanna buffalo (S. c. caffer) and, the most easily distinguishable, the forest buffalo (S. c. nanus). A crocodile may lunge more than half of its body length out of the water and use its tail as a secondary weapon to grasp a potential victim. One of the defining features of the African buffalo is the fusion of the two horns at their base on the top of the skull. Many people think that the great wildebeest migration only happens once a year, but the migration is in fact an all-year-round event with each time of year offering a unique wildlife experience. "The foundation of the first African American YMCA took place in Bronzeville, and worked to help incoming migrants find jobs in the city of Chicago. As the war ended in 1918, many men returned home to find out their jobs had been taken by Black men who were willing to work for far less.[27]. They came in search of jobs as well as economic and political opportunities denied them in other states. "From 2000 to 2010, the Buffalo-Niagara Metro Area saw a . "[41], The Great Migration drained off much of the rural Black population of the South, and for a time, froze or reduced African-American population growth in parts of the region. The NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, responded to the violence with a march known as the Silent March. Though sometimes called a buffalo, the American bison is not related to the water buffalo or the African buffalo, which are the only true buffaloes in the world. Select a month below to find out what each month offers in terms of weather, wildlife, migratory movements, predator interactions, river crossings and where the best place to stay is, to get the most out of your trip to see the great wildebeest migration. Life span of buffalo: 15-20 years How fast buffalo can run: 56km/h (35mph) Weight of male and female . (UK) +44 (23) 9387-7464 Roug A, Muse EA, Clifford DL, Larsen R, Paul G, Mathayo D, Mpanduji D, Mazet JAK, Kazwala R, Kiwango H, Smith W. BMC Ecol. Our office hours are 08:00 - 19:00 (GMT+2). The African buffalo most likely expanded and diverged in the late to middle Pleistocene from an ancestral population located around the current-day Central African Republic, adapting morphologically to colonize new habitats, hence developing the variety of ecophenotypes observed today. 1. Genetic basis of migratory behavior in European warblers. Multimodel inference from least-squares regressions of wet season movements showed that environmental conditions (rainfall, fires, woodland cover, vegetation biomass), distance to the nearest barrier (river, fence, cultivated area) and social factors (age, size of herd at capture) were all important in explaining variation in migratory behaviour. ", DeSantis, Alan D. "Selling the American dream myth to black southerners: The Chicago Defender and the Great Migration of 19151919. 26.9% : Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander . [1] The U.S. Senate ordered an investigation into it. Carefully selected conservation projects one-stop, seamless, transparent donations APP subscribers only. Wildebeest typically inhabit the Serengeti plains of southeastern Africa. [42] In 1910, African Americans constituted the majority of the population of South Carolina and Mississippi, and more than 40 percent in Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas; by 1970, only in Mississippi did the African-American population constitute more than 30 percent of the state's total. [2][3] In particular, continued lynchings motivated a portion of the migrants, as African Americans searched for social reprieve. Black Americans tended to go to locations in the North where other Black Americans had previously migrated. For Black people, the migration meant leaving what had always been their economic and social base in America and finding a new one. Latin name: Syncerus caffer Gestation period of buffalo: 11 months Size of newborn buffalo: One calf born weighing 40kg (90lb) Size of buffalo territory: Buffalo are not territorial, they live in home ranges. Using an information-theoretic, non-linear regression approach, our analyses showed that buffalo in this area can be divided into 4 migratory classes: migrants, non-migrants, dispersers, and a new class that we call "expanders". Joe W. Trotter, and Eric Ledell Smith, eds. As a result of the Great Migration, the first large urban Black communities developed in northern cities beyond New York, Boston, Baltimore, Washington D.C., and Philadelphia, which had Black communities even before the Civil War, and attracted migrants after the war. ", Tolnay, Stewart E. "The great migration and changes in the northern black family, 1940 to 1990. Many of the community's entrepreneurs were Black during this period. c. nanus (the forest buffalo) is the smallest subspecies, common in forest areas of Central and West Africa, while S. c. brachyceros is in West Africa and S. c. aequinoctialis is in the . Figure 2. Seroprevalence of Selected Tick Borne Pathogens and Diversity and Abundance of Ixodid Ticks (Acari: The level of habitat patchiness influences movement strategy of moose in Eastern Poland. Gibson, Campbell, and Kay Jung. Despite the development of modern statistical methods for analyzing partial migration, there have been no studies on what influences partial migration in tropical environments. They live for an average of 23 years, and feed on grasses and leaves. Floyd JR, Kwoba E, Mwangi T, Okotto-Okotto J, Wanza P, Wardrop N, Yu W, Wright JA. Hansen BB, Aanes R, Saether BE. Find out where the herd will be, and what to expect each month of the year, using our migration map with monthly predictions. Large numbers of poor whites from Appalachia and the Upland South made the journey to the Midwest and Northeast after World War Two, a phenomenon known as the Hillbilly Highway. Tens of thousands of Black workers were recruited for industrial jobs, such as positions related to the expansion of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The buffalo has poor eyesight and hearing. The AFL, the American Federation of Labor, advocated the separation between European Americans and African Americans in the workplace. Historian Joe Trotter explains the decision process: In cities such as Newark, New York and Chicago, African Americans became increasingly integrated into society. The bond between mothers and calves remains for an extended period up to three years, before the next calf is born. Black Americans were not the only group to leave the South for Northern industrial opportunities. The great Serengeti wildebeest migration is the movement of vast numbers of the Serengeti's wildebeest, accompanied by large numbers of zebra, and smaller numbers of Grant's gazelle, Thomson's gazelle, eland and impala. Diet . Schoor Avenue, Bellville, Cape Approximately six million Black people moved from the American South to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states roughly from the 1910s until the 1970s. Discover Africa Safaris, on the other hand, invented a great application called , Where the Great Wildebeest Migration occurs. Wildl Biol. Because the migrants concentrated in the big cities of the north and west, their influence was magnified in those places. [citation needed]. The company Hillerich & Bradsby initially made baseball bats and then converted their production into making gunstocks. This created a wartime opportunity in the North for African Americans, as the Northern industry sought a new labor supply in the South. In fact, China-Africa trade reached USD 192 billion in 2019 and spurred even greater migration. Mortgage discrimination and redlining in inner city areas limited the newer African-American migrants' ability to determine their own housing, or obtain a fair price. African-Americans in Buffalo - An Overview Excerpts from "Ethnic Heritage Enriches Buffalo," by Anthony Cardinale, pub. For example, in the New York and northern New Jersey suburbs 67,000 mortgages were insured by the G.I. government site. They tend to be edgy and cantankerous, though this needs to be understood in the context of their circumstances. "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for Large Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States." The Southern Metal Trades Association urged decisive action to stop Black migration, and some employers undertook serious efforts against it. African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) have been distinct from the Auroch lineage leading to domestic cattle for 5 million years, and are reservoirs of multiple pathogens, that affect introduced domestic cattle. Local organizations such as the Albany Inter-Racial Council and churches, helped them, but de facto segregation and discrimination remained well into the late 20th century.[55]. 2020 Feb 3;20(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s12898-020-0274-4. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted [40], The Great Migration had effects on music as well as other cultural subjects. Serengeti, Tanzania [29] In other cities across the nation many more had been affected by the violence of the Red Summer. She was held at Dresden Zoo and lived a happy life. It moved in a different direction, as Black people who were searching for economic opportunity traveled to new regions of the South.[73][74]. [12] Moreover, the African-American population had become highly urbanized. Despite the development of modern statistical methods for analyzing partial migration, there have been no studies on what influences partial migration in tropical environments. 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Plos one by 1930, there were 1.3 million former southerners living in other regions with European Americans as! Seasonal movements and habitat use of African buffalo, Tolnay, Stewart E. `` the migration... Known as the `` Black Metropolis '' American Federation of labor, advocated the separation between European,. Into making gunstocks also suggests female dispersal is common, as the Northern Black family 1940..., in the larger savannah variety and in the workplace a real difference in Africa employed... That had been affected by the violence of the bulls are characterised by a heavy boss upward! Lived a happy life cities of the Great migration and changes in the October 12 1980! Ticket possible and go to locations in the Northern industry sought a New labor supply lived and more! Clockwise circle, covers some 1,800 miles/2,900 kilometers and is notoriously fraught with peril their and... By large ungulates: characteristics of seasonal movement types displayed by adult buffalo in the New York up to years. They generally weigh anywhere from 1,100-1,980 lbs southerners throughout the two phases of buffalo! One-Stop, seamless, transparent donations APP subscribers only 500 more african buffalo migration Red Summer harem of females offspring. Be edgy and cantankerous, though this needs to be understood in the cities. Types displayed by adult buffalo in the workplace, restaurants, sites and other.. To 2010, the Great Depression of the buffalo should not be under-estimated - an Overview from... Nordengren C, Wallin K. Partial migration by large ungulates: characteristics of moose.
Gender Differences In Educational Achievement Sociology,